The Encyclopcedia Britannica it was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three volumes. 15th edition contained 32 valumes 1985 to 2010. Micro- and Macropcedia, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The two-volume index of 1995 has 2350 pages. There is also the Propcedia with topical organization of the contents. And there are some versions for children. After 244 Years, Encyclopcedia Britannica Stops the Presses". New York Times.Retrieved 13 March 2012.

PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S. Navy's Polaris project is management tool using statistical techniques for System Analysis. Planning, Scheduling and Controlling are the different phase of PERT Study. PEART approach is a device developed to better utilize of time in a series of activities

PRECIS was developed by Derek Austin for use in the BNB published weekly, PRECIS adopted 2 line entry format for all Entries. In PRECIS Main line operators, interposed operators and differencing cooperators are the role operators. In 1967 come into being. Shunting method in index is used in PRECIS

Tagging in web 2.0 application is called Syndication /Directory. Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information. Major features of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, user created web sites, self-publishing platforms, tagging, and social Book marking.

Six sigma is a business management strategy developed by MOTOROLA company inUSA in 1981. It seeks to improve the quality of process output by identifying and Removing the cause of defect and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business process. It uses a set of quality management methods including statistical method and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization. Application in libraries: 1) Developing specialized pool of library professionals 2) Developing quality services 3) Judicious budget allocation

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a conceptual entity relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user's perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 or International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). Four entity of FRBR model are Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item. The FRBR Final Report was first published in print in 1998 by K.G. Saur as volume 19of UBCIM publications

ISBN (International Standard Book Number) changed from 10 digits to 13 from January 2007 ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) first launched in 1969. In 2011 the ISBN allocation office in India shifted from Kolkatta to Delhi ISBN 978 3 digit belong to country represent of INDIAN Publication ISBN contains 13 digit number 5 parts First component of an ISBN number Group Identification, second Publisher, 3rd Title Identifier, 4th Check Digit, EAN (European Article Number) is similar to a UPC Number

Luther Gulick, an American has described the functions of an executive in terms of anacronym POSDCORB, representing Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting. It related to Library Administration.

Some publishers and vendors of electronic resources are willing to provide access to materials in digital format paid for by a library during a subscription even after the subscription has been canceled by the library. Archival access is secured by a clause in the licensing agreement that should be requested during contract negotiations. The basic Licensing Principles for electronic information resources established by IFLA in 2001 state that "a license should include provision for affordable, perpetual access to the licensed information by some appropriate and workable means."

Library shelving with extra-deep shelves, capable of storing books 3 to 4 rows deep, used only in closed access collections to save space. According to Ruth Fraley and Carol Lee Anderson in Library Space Planning(Neal-Schuman, 1990), a section of warehouse shelving 30 inches deep and 36 inches wide with 7 shelves can store up to 63 linear feet of materials 3 rows deep and 84 linear feet 4 rows deep, compared with 42 linear feet for a double-faced section of standard library shelving, with the space gain outweighing additional floor space required. They note that although warehouse shelving is less attractive and not as flexible as standard shelving, it is the most efficient means of storing manuscripts.

The title of a book as printed, in full or in brief, on the recto of a leaf preceding the title page, usually in a smaller size of the font in which the title proper is printed on the title page (click here to see an example, courtesy of the Glasgow University Library). In books published in series, the series title page often appears on the verso of the leaf bearing the half title. The use of half titles dates from the 17th century and may have evolved from the practice of including a blank leaf to protect the title page from wear. In modern printing, the half title helps the printer identify the work to which the first sheet belongs. In some editions, the half title also appears on the recto of a leaf separating the front matter from the first page of the text. Also spelled half-title. Synonymous with bastard title and fly-title.

An acronym for Keyword and Context (also known as Keyword alongside Context), an algorithmically generated index in which keywords from the title (and sometimes the text) of a document are printed as headings along the left-hand margin of the page, with the portion of the title or text following each keyword indented under the heading, followed by the portion of the title or text preceding the word. Unlike KWOC indexing, this method preserves multiword terms and phrases in the alphanumeric sequence of headings. Compare with KWIC. Example: academic support systems for distance learning. Libraries and distance learning. Libraries and academic support systems for learning Libraries and academic support systems for distance libraries and academic support systems for distance learning

A document or form sent to a purchaser by a vendor indicating the order number, description, quantity, price, terms of sale, method of delivery, cost of shipping, and total amount owed for items shipped and/or services rendered. Most libraries require an itemized invoice before payment can be authorized. Compare with purchase order. See also: annual invoice and supplemental invoice. Symbols and abbreviations commonly used on publisher's invoices: BO - back order C or OC - order canceled CWO - cash required with order EX - see explanation or full exchange on returns NEP or NE - new edition pending NOP - not our publication NR - nonreturnable (no returns allowed) NYP - not yet published OP - out of print OPP - out of print at present OPS - out of print, searching OS - out of stock OSC - out of stock, canceled OSI - out of stock indefinitely TOP - temporarily out of print TOS - temporarily out of stock W - will advise shortly XR - nonreturnable

A search of a bibliographic database in which the entire text of each record or document is searched and the entry retrieved if the terms included in the search statement are present. Most Web search engines are designed to perform full-text searches. This can pose a problem for the user if a search term has more than one meaning, resulting in the retrieval of irrelevant information (false drops). For example, in a medical database, the query "treatment of AIDS" might retrieve entries for sources containing the phrase "treatment aids in geriatrics" (with "of" a stopword). Compare with free-text search.

Information Requirements of the Social Science (IN FROSS) is an important study frequently quoted in Experimental Research

A digital data structure in which discrete map features are represented by rows in a table of values. Shapes are defined by pairs of x, y coordinates, with points connecting to become lines, and lines connecting to form closed polygons (areas). Attributes are associated with each feature in the data table for a given layer of data, for example, length and width for a line representing a road, stream, coastline, or boundary. Because the size of a vector file is generally smaller than that of an image (raster) file representing the same feature, vector data is preferred for map features that have a linear component.

FID (International Federation for Information and Documentation) it was established in 1895 by (Paul Otlet and Henry Ia Fontain with the aim of compiling universal bibliography of Literature. Development of UBC the name FID adopted in the year 1933 located Hague.

This is a way to transfer data through a telephone or cable line generally by the Internet. It may be internal or external. Some modems are used to fax or act as answering machines. A modem (modulator–demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light-emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.

Founded in 1974, RLG was a consortium of over 160 universities, national libraries, archives, historical societies, museums, and related institutions with substantial research collections. Devoted to improving accessto information through collaboration, RLG maintained Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), an online bibliographic database of nearly 88 million items. In 2006, the RLG membership approved a proposal by the RLG Board of Directors and the OCLC Board of Trustees to combine the two organizations. RLIN has since been integrated into OCLC WorldCat, and RLG's programs and initiatives have joined the OCLC Programs and Research division.

Published by H.W. Wilson, Library Literature & Information Science is an author and subject index to the English-language literature of library science and information science, covering books, periodical articles, pamphlets, and library school theses, with book reviews listed in a separate section at the end of each volume. Published from 1934 to 1998 under the title Library Literature, LLIS is available in print in bimonthlypaperback supplements cumulated annually. It is also available as an online database directly from the Wilson Company or via OCLC FirstSearch. ISSN: 1528-0659.

In the MARC record, the same digits are assigned across fields in the second and third character positions of the tag to indicate data of the same type, for example, the digits 10 for corporate names, making 110 the main entry corporate name field, 410 the series statement corporate name field, 610 the subject heading corporate name field, 710 the added entry corporate name field, and so on. Parallel content designation can be summarized as follows, with X in the range of 1-9: X00 - personal names X10 - corporate names X11 - meeting names X30 - uniform titles X40 - bibliographic titles X50 - topical terms X51 - geographic names

The bibliometric principle that the number of authors making n contributions to the scholarly literature of a given field is about C/na, with C (the number making a single contribution) a constant. In the article "The Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity" published in the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1926, mathematician and statistician Alfred James Lotka (1880-1949) observed that the exponent a is often close to 2. Rewriting the equation as a statistical distribution (1/na), he observed that when a is exactly 2 for a given literature, C = 0.61. Accurate when applied to large bodies of literature over a significant period of time, Lotka's empirical law of scientific productivity means that in a field in which a = 2, about 61% of all published authors make just one contribution, about 15 percent have two publications (1/2² x .61), about 7 percent make three contributions (1/3² x .61), and less than 1 percent produce ten or more publications (1/10² x .61).

Alpha-Numeric System for Classification of Recordings (ANSCR) A scheme for classifying sound recordings of all types, based on a set of 23 major subject categories represented by letters of the Latin alphabet (example: M for popular music), with some categories subdivided and represented by double letters (MJ for jazz). To the alphabetic category is added a three- or four-letter code representing type of subarrangement (by title of work; name of composer, performer, or author; name of skill, language, or sound; etc.). The third part of the classification number is composed of the first letter of each of the first three keywords in the title of the work or album, or a number if the work is known by form and numbered. The fourth part is composed of a letter representing the name of an individual closely associated with the performance on the recording, followed by the last two digits of the commercial recording number: ES BEET 5 O 98 In the preceding example, ES indicates that the recorded work is orchestral and of symphonic form, BEET that it was composed by Ludwig Van Beethoven, 5 that it is his fifth symphony, and O 98 that the performance was conducted by Eugene Ormandy and that the last two digits of the Columbia record number are 98. ANSCR is used mainly by libraries holding large numbers of sound recordings. Libraries with smaller collections generally use accession number or some other "home-grown" classification system to organize sound recordings. Pronounced "answer."

Digital Line Graph (DLG) A file of digital vector representations of cartographic information, specifically lanimetric and topographic map features (points, lines, and areas) derived from aerial photographs or from cartographic source materials using manual or automated digitizing methods (see this example). DLGs can be viewed without any background image or overlaid on orthophotographs and other images (click here to see a DLG of Lake Tahoe). They require much less file space than image data and can be resized without loss of clarity, in contrast to raster data, which becomes pixilated if enlarged too much. Large-scale (1:24,000 or 1:25,000), intermediate-scale (1:100,000), and small-scale (1:2,000,000) DLG data files are available from the U.S. Geological Survey for various categories of data (hydrography, hypsography, transportation, political boundaries, Public Land Survey System data, etc.).

Software for University Libraries (SOUL) is the state-of-the-art library automation software designed and developed by the INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad

In AACR2, a document or set of documents in any physical format (print or nonprint) that is given a single bibliographic description in cataloging, by virtue of having been published, issued, released, or otherwise treated as a single entity. As defined in FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records), a single concrete exemplar of a manifestation of an expression of an intellectual or artistic work, in most cases a single physical object, such as a copy of an edition of a single-volume monograph. All the items constituting a manifestation normally contain the same intellectual/artistic content and are identical in physical form, but variations can occur subsequent to production, as in the case of a monograph rebound by a library. In some cases, an item consists of more than one physical object, for example, a video recording released on more than one cassette or a multivolume set of reference books.