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This term refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted or processed, either wirelessly or across a hardwired connection. Internet services will advertise fast speeds measured in bandwidth, so it is a well-known component of the IT world.
Cloud storage is an alternative to storing data on a computer’s physical storage. Information that’s stored “on the cloud” is kept on remote servers that can be accessed anywhere via the Internet.
Ethernet is similar to the Internet. It’s a system connecting a number of computers or devices to the same network, allowing for fast, monitored transmission of data. Ethernets have restricted network access that’s managed by a handful of system administrators, making it a secure network solution for many companies.
Also known as an "IP number" or simply an "IP," this is a numerical code that identifies a specific computer on the Internet. Think of it as a computer’s unique Social Security Number.
Digital technology is the opposite of analog. It’s anything that uses a computer’s binary language to do its job. To digitize something is to convert analog data into digital data that can be used by a computer.
An index is a list of data, such as a group of files or database entries. It is typically saved in a plain text format so a computer can quickly scan it to retrieve the information it needs.
Tthe study of language in society and, more specifically, the study of language varieties, their functions, and their speakers.
A collection of library or archival materials converted to machine-readable format for
preservation, or to provide access electronically (example: Thomas Jefferson Digital
Archive, a project of the Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library). In
the United States, the Digital Library Federation is developing standards and best
practices for digital collections and network access.
Archival materials that have been converted to machine-readable format, usually for
the sake of preservation or to make them more accessible to users. A prime example
is American Memory, a project undertaken by the Library of Congress to make digital
collections of primary sources on the history and culture of the United States
available over the Internet.
The preparation of a brief, objective statement (abstract) of the content of a written
work, to enable the researcher to quickly determine whether reading the entire text
might satisfy the specific information need. Abstracting is usually limited to the
literature of a specific discipline or group of related disciplines, and is performed by
an individual or commercial entity, such as an indexing and abstracting service, that
provides abstracts regularly to a list of subscribers.
A unique number used by the acquisitions department of a library to identify a
specific bibliographic item on a purchase order. Some libraries use a standard number
such as the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) or ISSN (International
Standard Serial Number) as the acquisition number.
A class number from an earlier edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification, which is
no longer used, indicated at the appropriate location in the schedule by a note to
"class in" a more general number.
The hardware which performs the basic operations on the hard disk - including rotating the disk & reading/writing data to the disk.
A way of sending other people messages from your computer. Widely used facility on the Internet that basically sends addressed messages over a Network. The message normally gets there in a couple of minutes.
A highlighted, underlined phrase or word on a web page that can be clicked to go to another part of the page or even to another web page.
A Program that has been created to perform a specific task that is useful to the user. Examples include Word Processors (Word), Spreadsheets (Excel), Browsers (Netscape) and Drawing Packages (Paint).
A hardware device that is used to transfer information between computers via a phone line. Modem comes from the 2 words Modulation & Demodulation. A Modem converts information from analog to digital and vice versa. Digital information is represented in a series of 1's & 0's. Analog information varies continuously like a sound wave. Typically when you send an E-mail, your modem converts the digital E-mail message to analog.
Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a non-statistical method.
Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10 people. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.
The following are the methods used for qualitative research:
1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic research
4. Content/Text Analysis
5. Case study research
This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the existing problems.
As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when analyzing a situation.
For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or economic conditions.
Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a disease.
A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.
A library or information service operated and managed by a single individual, usually with minimal assistance, more common in special libraries than in other types of libraries. In public library systems, small branch libraries are sometimes run by a solo librarian or paraprofessional, often with the help of volunteers from the community. Bookmobiles are nearly always operated by a single person.
A bibliographic record, holdings note, or entry in an index or bibliography that allows further information concerning the item to be added, used in the library catalog to describe serials for which the library does not own all the issues or parts. Open entries are indicated by a hyphen and a space following the first volume number and/or year owned (example: v.1- , 1936- ). Compare with closed entry.
A number assigned by the composer or publisher to one of several musical works, or a set of works related in form or medium, to indicate its place in the sequence in which they were composed or issued, usually included in the title following the abbreviation op. (example: Beethoven’s Concerto for Violin, op. 61, D major). Special numbering exists for certain composers whose works were unnumbered when first published, for example, the universally accepted Kochel numbers devised by the 19th century Austrian botanist Ludwig von Kochel in his chronological thematic catalog of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
A form of mechanical binding in which a row of interconnected curved plastic teeth is inserted into slots punched along the binding edge of the leaves of a publication to hold them together, used for binding calendars, lab manuals, instruction manuals, and workbooks which must open flat to be used conveniently. If the plastic spine is wide enough, the title may be printed on it. Compare with spiral binding and loose-leaf.
A brief, objective summary of the essential content of a book, article, speech, report, dissertation, or other work, which presents the main points in the same order as the original, but has no independent literary value. An abstract can be indicative, informative, critical, or written from a particular point of view (slanted). In a
scholarly journal article, the abstract follows the title and the name(s) of the author(s), and precedes the text. In an entry in a printed indexing and abstracting service or bibliographic database, the abstract accompanies the citation. Compare with summary.
Recovery Time Objective (RTO) represents the amount of time an application can be down and not result in significant damage to a business and the time that it takes for the system to go from loss to recovery.
Remote monitoring and management is the process of supervising and controlling IT systems by using locally installed agents that can be accessed by a managed IT service provider.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; an agreed upon set of rules that tells computers how to exchange information over the Internet. Other Internet protocols like FTP, Gopher, and HTTP sit on top of TCP/IP.
Ransomware is a type of malicious software, or malware, designed to deny access to a computer system or data until a ransom is paid. Ransomware typically spreads through phishing emails or by unknowingly visiting an infected website.
Each network interface has a media access control address, or MAC address — also known as a physical address. This is a unique identifier designed to identify different computers on a network. MAC addresses are usually assigned when a manufacturer creates a network device.
The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data.
A group of people in an organization that works towards detecting cyber attacks such as ransomware or phishing attacks that may bypass your computer security system.
A firewall is a piece of software or hardware that blocks certain types of traffic. For example, a firewall could block incoming traffic on a certain port or block all incoming traffic except traffic coming from a specific IP address.
The domain name system is how computers convert human-readable domain names and hostnames to numerical IP addresses. When you type howtogeek.com into your web browser’s address bar, your computer contacts its DNS server and the DNS server replies with the numerical IP address of How-To Geek’s server, which is what your computer connects to.
A specialty insurance product intended to protect businesses from Internet-based risks, and more generally from risks relating to information technology infrastructure, information privacy, information governance liability, and related activities.
A small piece of information you may be asked to accept when connecting to certain servers via a web browser. It is used throughout your session as a means of identifying you. A cookie is specific to, and sent only to the server that generated it.
Books not meant to be read cover-to-cover, such as dictionaries, handbooks, and encyclopedias, shelved together by call number in a special section of the library called the reference stacks. Reference books may not be checked out because they are needed by librarians to answer questions at the reference desk. Their location and circulation status is usually indicated by the symbol "R" or "Ref" preceding the call number in the catalog record and on the spine label.
An ISO standard for network telecommunication developed during the 1980’s to allow direct communication between computers of all types and sizes by defining a general framework for implementing communication protocols in seven layers. Although most network systems follow the OSI model, some have compressed two or three of the OSI layers into one.
An enumerative list of digital resources on a specific topic or subject, available in print or on the Web (example: Ralph Ellison Webliography by Claude H. Pott). Typically, the URLs of any Web sites included in the resource list are embedded in the HTML document, enabling users to connect to the site by clicking on its hypertext link. The OCLC CORC project is creating a database of electronic pathfinders to assist librarians in integrating and organizing their print and digital topic-specific resource guides. Also known as a subject gateway.
A list of resources (books, articles, reports, etc.) on a specific topic, usually compiled by a librarian or researcher with specialized knowledge of the subject, to acquaint other researchers with the existing literature. A retrospective subject bibliography may be selective or comprehensive within a designated publication period. A current subject bibliography quickly becomes outdated unless updated, usually in supplements. Book-length subject bibliographies may be shelved in the reference section of the library. Compare with reading list.
A list of the holdings of all the libraries in a library system, or of all or a portion of the collections of a group of independent libraries, indicating by name and/or location symbol which libraries own at least one copy of each item. When the main purpose of a union catalog is to indicate location, the bibliographic description provided in each entry may be reduced to a minimum, but when it also serves other purposes, description is more complete. The arrangement of a union catalog is normally alphabetical by author or title.
The interpersonal communication that occurs between a reference librarian and a library user to determine the person’s specific information need(s), which may turn out to be different than the reference question as initially posed. Because patrons are
often reticent, especially in face-to-face interaction, patience and tact may be required on the part of the librarian. A reference interview may occur in person, by telephone, or electronically (usually via e-mail) at the request of the user, but a well-trained reference librarian will sometimes initiate communication if a hesitant user appears to
need assistance.
The field within the materials specific details area of a bibliographic record in which mathematical elements in the bibliographic description of cartographic materials are entered (scale, projection, coordinates, etc.).
A computer file consisting of electronic entries called records, each containing a uniform description of a specific document or bibliographic item, usually retrievable by author, title, subject heading (descriptor), or keyword(s). Some bibliographic databases are general in scope and coverage, others provide access to the literature of a specific discipline or group of disciplines. An increasing number provide the full-text of at least a portion of the sources indexed. Most bibliographic databases are proprietary, available by licensing agreement from vendors, or directly from the indexing and abstracting services that create them.
In a general sense, all the elements of data necessary to conclusively identify a specific document, presented in some form of record. In library cataloging, the detailed description of a copy of a specific edition of a work, intended to identify and distinguish it from other works by the same author, of the same title, or on the same subject. In AACR2, the bibliographic record representing an item in the catalog includes the following standard areas of description: title and statement of responsibility (author, editor, composer, etc.), edition, material specific details, details of publication and distribution, physical description, series, notes, and standard number and terms of availability (ISBN, ISSN, price).
A directory of the international book publishing industry issued annually by R. R. Bowker, ILMP provides information on publishers, literary agents, book manufacturing, book clubs and dealers, major libraries and library associations, and literary associations, periodicals, and awards for over 180 countries. the directory also includes an industry yellow pages. The most recent edition of ILMP is usually shelved in the reference section of most large academic and public libraries.
A broad term encompassing all the activities involved in creating, organizing, managing, and maintaining the file of bibliographic records representing the items held in a library or archival collection, or the sources listed in an index or database, to facilitate access to the information contained in them. Bibliographic control includes
the standardization of bibliographic description and subject access by means of uniform catalog code, classification systems, and preferred headings; the creation and maintenance of catalogs, union lists, and finding aids; and the provision of physical access to the items in the collection. See also: authority control.
A name derived from the Greek word isos meaning "equal." Founded in London in 1947 with headquarters in Geneva, ISO is a nongovernmental federation of national standardization organizations in 130 countries, dedicated to establishing international standards to facilitate commerce and cooperation in scientific, technical, and economic endeavors. The United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ISO operates through approximately 160 technical committees and 2,300 subcommittees which recommend standards and standardization policy to its national members.
Dr. SR Ranganathan has given an elaborate scheme of book number consisting of following fields:
Formula of book number: [L][F][Y][A].[V]-[S];[C]:[Cr] Where
L = Language of the book
F = Form in which the book is written e.g. index, list, picture, graph.
Y = Year of publication of the book
A = Accession part of the book number. It is given when more than one books
of same subject published in the same year are acquired in the library
V = Volume number is given when a multivolume book is acquired in the library
S = Supplement number is given when a supplement is published for a volume
C = Copy number particularly useful for school and college libraries where multiple copies of textbooks are acquired
Cr = Criticism number is used when a book based on some other book is acquired in the library.
the library classification has following purposes:
1) Arrange all the books and other documents of a library in a systematic order so that library collection looks organised;
2) Bring together all books of same subject so that a user does not have to go to different places for books of his subject;
3) Keep books of related subjects nearby;
4) Find a particular book of a subject on the shelf as call number (See. Sec 2.8) distinctly identifies a particular book in the library;
5) Find total books on a given subject in the library as all the books of a subject have same class number, and therefore, are kept together;
6) Replace the books at their proper place on the shelf after use;
7) Allocate proper place to new books in relation to other books of the library, as acquisition of new books is a regular work in all libraries and these books are to be merged with existing library collection;
8) Assist the cataloguer in finding subject headings for library catalogue
particularly when classified catalogue is used and subject entries are to be prepared ; and
9) Help in compilation of subject bibliographies.
(a) Introduction: A notation is an ordered serial of symbols representing terms. If the names of subjects or of isolates in a natural language are arranged alphabetically, the resulting arrangement does not at all conform to the helpful sequence determined by the idea plane. In a library classification scheme, the terms are ordered into classes and their sub-divi- sions. The symbols comprising a notation, therefore, stand in the place of classes and their subdivisions, to mechanize the process of sorting and replacement. Notation is one of the special features of library classification distinguishing it from knowl- edge classification. It is required to mechanize the arrangement of documents on the shelves and their entries in catalogue and other bibliographical tools.
(b) Definition: Notation means shorthand signs or symbols used to represent terms or phrases. In library terminology ‘notation’ means the assigning of symbols to denote the classes. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, defines notational system as “a system of ordinal numbers used to represent the classes in a scheme for classification”.
Harrods’s librarian’s glossary defines notation as “the ordered series of symbols that stands for the ordered series of terms in the classification schedule”. According to Palmer and Wells, notationis used to mechanize the process of sorting and replacement. In short, notation is a system of symbols; represent a ting a series of ordered terms in a classification scheme. It is used for mechanizing the process of sorting and replacement of documents.
Physical forms represent the materials and the manner in which the catalogues are made available.
A catalogue may be presented in any one of a number of different physical forms. The following
are the varieties of physical/outer/external forms of catalogue.
(a) Book Catalogue
(b) Card Catalogue
(c) Sheaf Catalogue
(d) Guard Book catalogue
(e) Visible Index catalogue
(f) Micro form of catalogue
(g) Machine Readable catalogue
The Unesco Common Communication Format (CCF) is described in the context of other exchange
formats. A definition is given of ‘exchange format’, and the CCF is compared against this definition.
The history of its development is outlined and its major technical features are summarized. Examples
are given of the ways in which it is being used and is likely to be used in the future, and a number
of implementation manuals are mentioned which have been developed to assist in its use.
A former mathematics professor who, after receiving an honors certificate in library science from the University of London in 1925, served as first librarian of the University of Madras until 1944 where he developed Colon Classification (1933), a classification system used in research libraries worldwide. Ranganathan’s pioneering work in library education established him as the "father" of librarianship in India. He helped found the Indian Library Association in 1933 and
served as its president from 1944 to 1953. From 1948 to 1958 he served on the Indian national committee for cooperation with UNESCO, focusing his attention on issues of concern to libraries, and from 1951 to 1962 he was rapporteur-general for the
documentation classification section of the International Federation for Documentation. In 1956, Ranganathan gave his life savings to endow a professorship in library science at the University of Madras, the first such chair outside the United States. In 1962, he used the royalties from his books to establish an endowment for annual
lectures given in India by eminent contributors to library science from around the world. He is famous for his Five Laws of Library Science (1931):
1. Books are for use.
2. Every reader his book.
3. Every book its reader.
4. Save the time of the reader.
5. A library is a growing organism.
The term born-digital refers to materials that originate in a digital form.[1] This is in contrast to digital reformatting, through which analog materials become digital, as in the case of files created by scanning physical paper records.[2][3] It is most often used in relation to digital libraries and the issues that go along with said organizations, such as digital preservation and intellectual property. However, as technologies have advanced and spread, the concept of being born-digital has also been discussed in relation to personal consumer-based sectors, with the rise of e-books and evolving digital music. Other terms that might be encountered as synonymous include "natively digital", "digital-first", and "digital-exclusive".[
Dissemination of information that will keep it users well-informed and up-to-date in their fields of basic interest as well as in related subjects is called Current Awareness Service. It is a system of getting knowledge on recent development, and especially those developments which relate to the special interest of the individual.
CAS is a device of the information system through which the users of information can be informed promptly, as soon as possible after publications but before absorption into the comprehensive secondary sources of current literature on a broad subject field or on a area in which a group of persons are interested, and presented in a manner, volume and rhythm intended to facilitate or cultivate current approach to information.
Selective dissemination of information ("SDI") was originally a phrase related to library and information science. SDI refers to tools and resources used to keep a user informed of new resources on specified topics, including the current-awareness services used to inform about new library acquisitions.[1]
SDI services pre-date the World Wide Web, and the term itself is somewhat dated. Contemporary analogous systems for SDI services include alerts, current awareness tools or trackers. These systems provide automated searches that inform the user of the availability of new resources meeting the user's specified keywords and search parameters. Alerts can be received a number of ways, including email, RSS feeds, voice mail, Instant messaging, and text messaging.
Selective dissemination of information was a concept first described by Hans Peter Luhn of IBM in the 1950s. Software was developed in many companies and in government to provide this service in the 1950s and 60s, which allowed distribution of items recently published in abstract journals to be routed to individuals who are likely to be interested in the contents. For example, the system at Ft. Monmouth automatically sent out (by mail) a different set of abstracts to each of about 1,000 scientists and engineers in the army depending on what they were working on. The selection was based on an "interest profile," a list of keywords that described their interests. In some organizations, the 'interest profile' was much more than a simple list of keywords. Librarians or information professionals conducted extensive interviews with their clients to establish a fairly complex profile for each individual. Based on these profiles, the information professionals would then distribute selectively appropriate information to their clients. This labour-intensive operation, while initially costly, over time was made less so. A survey at the time (1970s) indicated that a large number of projects were affected by the SDI service. The software was developed by Edward Housman at the Signal Corps Laboratories Technical Information Division.
In library cataloging, the area of the bibliographic record (MARC field 300) in which the extent of an item is recorded. For books, extent of item includes the number of volumes, leaves or pages, columns, plates, and the presence of illustrations, maps, and/or accompanying material. The physical description also gives the dimensions and format of the item.
A new leaf or leaves printed to replace part of a book or other publication when changes are required in the text or illustrations, usually before binding but after the work has gone to press, more common in the 17th and 18th centuries than today because as printing developed, the frequency of printing errors declined.
The life story of a political candidate, issued at the time of his or her campaign for election to public office. The genre began in the United States in 1817 with the publication of The Life of Andrew Jackson by John Reid and John Henry Easton.
A unique code printed on a label affixed to the outside of an item in a library collection, usually to the lower spine of a book or videocassette (see these examples), also printed or handwritten on a label inside the item. Assigned by the cataloger, the call number is also displayed in the bibliographic record that represents the item in the library catalog, to identify the specific copy of the work and give its relative location on the shelf.
In most collections, a call number is composed of a classification number followed by additional notation to make the call number unique. This gives a classified arrangement to the library shelves that facilitates browsing. Generally, the class number is followed by an author mark to distinguish the work from others of the same class, followed by a work mark to distinguish the title from other works of the same class by the same author, and sometimes other information such as publication date, volume number, copy number, and location symbol.
A small section of dedicated high-speed memory built into a microcomputer to improve system performance by providing temporary storage for blocks of data and instructions that would otherwise be retrieved from slower memory. As a general rule, the larger the cache, the greater the enhancement of performance and speed. Click here to learn more about caching, courtesy of HowStuffWorks. Pronounced "cash." See also: browser cache.
A modem designed to operate over cable television lines, instead of telephone lines, providing faster data transmission because the coaxial cable used by cable TV companies has higher bandwidth. With millions of homes in the United States already wired for cable TV, Internet access via cable modem is growing.
An early photographic print mounted on 4 1/2 x 6 1/2 inch card stock, often a commercial portrait or vignette with the photographer's imprint across the bottom or on the back. Early albumen prints are in sepia and later examples are in silver tones and rich blacks, printed on gelatin papers introduced in the 1870s. Easy to mass produce, cabinet cards appeared in the mid-1860s, replacing the wallet-sized carte-de-visite, and were sold up to about 1905 when the tinted picture postcard became popular. Click here to see a cabinet card portrait of Sigmund Freud's mother, Amalia, and here to see a vignette of Capt. Cornelius M. Schoonmaker (1839-1889), U.S. Navy. Synonymous with cabinet photograph. See also: imperial card photograph.
An input device used to maximize the benefits of a Graphical User Interface. The mouse also has a pointer on the screen that is moved by moving the mouse up or down or from side to side. Generally a mouse has two buttons which activates various tasks either by a single or a double click.
An input device that is used for entering data into a computer or giving it an instruction to do something specific. The key arrangements resemble that of a typewriter plus it has additional keys for specific functions.
A Program that has been created to perform a specific task that is useful to the user. Examples include Word Processors (Word), Spreadsheets (Excel), Browsers (Netscape) and Drawing Packages (Paint).
A magnetic disk which is used to store data. Floppy disks are often used to transfer files from one computer to another or to backup important files.
A collection of data organized and designed for easy access.
A catalog for files stored on the Hard disk of a computer. It is a mechanism to group files. The topmost directory is called the root directory; the directories within a directory are called sub directories.
A package of instructions that causes the computer to do something. Examples include application programs and games.
A hardware device that is used to transfer information between computers via a phone line. Modem comes from the 2 words Modulation and Demodulation. A Modem converts information from analog to digital and vice versa. Digital information is represented in a series of 1's and 0's. Analog information varies continuously like a sound wave. Typically when you send an E-mail, your modem converts the digital E-mail message to analog.
A computer that other computers can connect to via a network.
The relationship between objects or variables. Two variables are positively associated when the values of one increase as the values of the other increases. They are negatively associated when the values of one decrease as the values of the other increase. Income and education are usually positively associated and student absentism is generally negatively associated with student achievement.
An ethical safeguard against invasion of privacy whereby the researcher is unable to identify the respondents by their responses.
A statistical test that determines whether the means of two or more groups are significantly different.
Is an advanced form of ANOVA (analysis of variance). While ANOVA is used to test for differences in the means of two or more groups, ANCOVA removes the effect(s) of one or more continuous variable(s) before testing for the group differences. For example, in an analysis that examines differences in child outcomes by type of child care, the analyst may want to remove the effects of parental education.
The experimental hypothesis stating that there is some real difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to the null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference between groups.
The probability that a statistical test will find significant differences between groups (or find significant predictors of the dependent variable), when in fact there are none. This is also referred to as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of a statistical test. A lower alpha level is better than a higher alpha level, with all else equal.
Administrative data are used in support of the operations and service delivery of government departments and other organizations. Examples are information about individual children, families, and/or providers of early care and education and other family benefits and services. The data are collected and maintained primarily for administrative (not research) purposes.
A measure of how well the independent, or predictor, variables predict the dependent, or outcome, variable. A higher adjusted R-square indicates a better model. Adjusted R-square is calculated based on the R-square, which denotes the percentage of variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variables. The adjusted R-squared adjusts the R-square for the sample size and the number of variables in the regression model. Therefore, the adjusted R-square is a better comparison between models with different numbers of variables and different sample sizes.
Action research conducted to solve problems, inform policy, or improve the way that issues are addressed and problems solved. There are two broad types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.
In survey research, accuracy refers to the match between a sample and the target population. It also indicates how close a value obtained from a survey instrument or assessment is to the actual (true) value.
Placement of a book or periodical on end with the front cover forward, usually to attract browsers to a library display or exhibit, or to encourage sales in a retail outlet. In some libraries, current issues of periodicals are displayed on sloping shelves designed to allow the front covers to face forward. Compare with spine-out.
The systematic study of the relationship between people and the environment in which they work, serving as the basis for the design and arrangement of equipment, furnishings, and workspaces with the aim of increasing productivity and avoiding negative effects on safety, health, comfort, and efficiency. Synonymous with human
engineering.
The rights, usually negotiated with a publisher by the author or author’s agent, to publish a work in volume form, including hardcover, paperback, book club, and textbook editions. Volume rights also include publication of the work in its entirety in a single issue of a periodical and reprinting, in full or in part, in an anthology.
Compare with subsidiary rights.
In indexing, the process of creating and maintaining a list of preferred terms to indicate 1) which of two or more equivalent terms will represent a concept as the authorized subject heading or descriptor in the classification system, and 2) the relations of hierarchy (broader and narrower terms) and association (related terms) among headings once they have been selected. Controlled vocabulary is recorded in a subject headings list or thesaurus updated as new concepts emerge and older terminology becomes obsolete. Compare with authority control.
A complimentary copy of a new book or other work in its final form, sent by the publisher at no charge to a person who writes reviews, to the editor(s) of a periodical that publishes reviews, to an opinion leader in the field covered, or to a bookseller in the hope of attracting favorable comment, often with a review slip laid in.
Synonymous with press copy. Compare with advance copy.
An artificial language consisting of subject headings or content descriptors selected to facilitate information retrieval by serving as access points in a catalog or index, including any lead-in vocabulary and rules governing form of entry, syntax, etc.
A unique number assigned to a bibliographic item in the order in which it is added to a library collection, recorded in an accession record maintained by the technical services department. Most libraries assign accession numbers in continuous numerical sequence, but some use a code system to indicate type of material and/or year of accession in addition to order of accession.
To record in an accession list the addition of a bibliographic item to a library collection, whether acquired by purchase or exchange or as a gift. In automated libraries, the addition is usually recorded by enhancing a brief order record that is expanded in cataloging to become the full bibliographic record entered permanently in the catalog.
The process of selecting, ordering, and receiving materials for library or archival collections by purchase, exchange, or gift, which may include budgeting and negotiating with outside agencies, such as publishers, dealers, and vendors, to obtain resources to meet the needs of the institution's clientele in the most economical and expeditious manner.
A secondary entry, additional to the main entry, usually under a heading for a joint author, illustrator, translator, series, or subject, by which an item is represented in a library catalog (AACR2). See also: name-title added entry and tracings.
A title page preceding or following the one used by the cataloger as the chief source of information in creating the bibliographic description of an item. It may be more general, as in a series title page, or of equivalent generality, as in a title page in another language (AACR2).
A librarian whose primary responsibility is the development and maintenance of the hardware and software systems used in a library or library system, especially the online catalog and access to any bibliographic databases and other electronic resources. In some libraries, the systems librarian may also serve as Webmaster and be responsible for training staff members in the use of library systems. Systems librarians are organized in the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA).
Compiled by A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave, Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475-1640 was published in 1926 by the Bibliographical Society, London. Revision and enlargement of the first edition, begun by W.A. Jackson and F.S. Ferguson, was completed by Katherine F. Pantzer from 1976 to 1986. Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and British America, and of English Books Printed in Other Countries, 1641-1700, compiled by Donald G. Wing of the Yale University Library as a continuation of Pollard and Redgrave's work, was published in three volumes by the Index Society, New York, from 1945 to 1951.
A unique standardized identification number, permanently assigned to a scientific or technical report by the issuing agency to facilitate access and bring order and uniformity to the technical report literature. Governed by the ANSI/NISO Z39.23 standard, the STRN appears in an upper corner of both the front cover and the report documentation page or title page of all copies and on the spine of a bound report if space permits. The 34-character STRN is composed of an alphanumeric report code of 2-16 characters, followed by a double hyphen (--) group separator, and then a sequential group of 1-16 characters indicating year and sequence of issuance, with identifying characters for supplements, revisions, drafts, etc., as appropriate. To avoid confusion with similar identification numbers, the report number is preceded by the prefix "ISRN" which stands for International Standard Report Number (example: ISRN METRO/ERR--1995-1784-DRAFT2 for Metallurgical Processing Corporation's Engineering Research Report, 1995, 1784th report, draft no 2). The maintenance agency for the STRN is the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
The most specific word or phrase that describes the subject, or one of the subjects, of a work, selected from a list of preferred terms (controlled vocabulary) and assigned as an added entry in the bibliographic record to serve as an access point in the library catalog. A subject heading may be subdivided by the addition of subheadings (example: Libraries--History--20th century) or include a parenthetical qualifier for semantic clarification, as in Mice (Computers). The use of cross-references to indicate semantic relations between subject headings is called syndetic structure. The process of examining the content of new publications and assigning appropriate subject headings is called subject analysis. In the United States, most libraries use Library of Congress subject headings (LCSH), but small libraries may use Sears subject headings. Compare with descriptor.
An alphabetically arranged list of headings selected by an indexer to represent the subject content of one or more works, with locators (usually page numbers) to direct the user to the corresponding text. Names are usually included in the subject index, but some publications have a separate name index and even a separate geographic index of place names. In some publications, the subject index is combined with the author index in a single alphabetic sequence.
A literature review focused on a specific research question, which uses explicit methods to minimize bias in the identification, appraisal, selection, and synthesis of all the high-quality evidence pertinent to the question. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are so important to evidence-based medicine that an understanding of them is mandatory for professionals involved in biomedical research and health care delivery. Although many biomedical and healthcare journals publish systematic reviews, one of the best-known sources is The Cochrane Collaboration, a group of over 15,000 volunteer specialists who systematically review randomized trials of the effects of treatments and other research.
A computer-based information system developed and maintained by a commercial enterprise to integrate data from all its departments (product development, production and inventory, marketing and sales, personnel administration, etc.) to support managerial and supervisory decision-making with real time analysis. MIS systems are designed to track progress toward achievement of a company's goals and objectives and to aid in identifying problems or obstacles that must be resolved or removed by upper-level management. In the plural, the term refers to the study and teaching of such systems. Courses on MIS are offered as a major by some business schools in the United States.
The process of selecting, ordering, and receiving materials for library or archival collections by purchase, exchange, or gift, which may include budgeting and negotiating with outside agencies, such as publishers, dealers, and vendors, to obtain resources to meet the needs of the institution's clientele in the most economical and expeditious manner.
Also refers to the department within a library responsible for selecting, ordering, and receiving new materials and for maintaining accurate records of such transactions, usually managed by an acquisitions librarian. In small libraries, the acquisitions librarian may also be responsible for collection development, but in most public and academic libraries, this responsibility is shared by all the librarians who have an active interest in collection building, usually on the basis of expertise and subject specialization. For a more detailed description of the responsibilities entailed in acquisitions, please see the entry by Liz Chapman in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003). Click here to connect to AcqWeb, an online resource for acquisitions and collection development librarians. Compare with accession. See also: Acquisitions Section.
Created in 1991, AS is the section of the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) within the American Library Association (ALA) charged with (1) promoting the effective acquisition of information resources in all formats, through purchase, lease, and other methods, in all types of institutions; (2) developing sound ethical, fiscal, and legal policies and procedures in acquisitions management, including relationships with suppliers; and (3) assessing and advancing awareness of the organization and role of the acquisitions function within the library and in relationships with other functional areas (purchasing, accounting, collection management, etc.).
An international standard digital format for the description of bibliographic items developed by the Library of Congress during the 1960s to facilitate the creation and dissemination of computerized cataloging from library to library within the same country and between countries. By 1971, the MARC format had become the national standard for dissemination of bibliographic data and by 1973, an international standard.
There are several versions of MARC in use in the world, the most predominant being MARC 21, created in 1999 as a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and UNIMARC, widely used in Europe. The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to formats for the bibliographic record.
Widespread use of the MARC standard has helped libraries acquire predictable and reliable cataloging data, make use of commercially available library automation systems, share bibliographic resources, avoid duplication of effort, and ensure that bibliographic data will be compatible when one automation system is replaced by another.
The MARC record has three components:
Record structure - an implementation of national and international standards, such as the Information Interchange Format ANSI Z39.2 and Format for Information Exchange ISO 2709
Content designation - codes and conventions that explicitly identify and characterize the data elements within a record to facilitate the manipulation of data, defined in the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data and other MARC 21 formats maintained by the Library of Congress
Data Content - defined by external standards such as AACR2, Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), etc.
The MARC record is divided into fields, each containing one or more related elements of bibliographic description. A field is identified by a three-digit tag designating the nature of its content. Tags are organized as follows in hundreds, indicating a group of tags, with XX in the range of 00-99:
0XX fields - Control information, numbers, codes
1XX fields - Main entry
2XX fields - Titles, edition, imprint
3XX fields - Physical description, etc.
4XX fields - Series statements (as shown in item)
5XX fields - Notes
6XX fields - Subject added entries
7XX fields - Added entries other than subject or series
8XX fields - Series added entries (other authoritative forms)
A method of indexing in which a computer is programmed to select possible descriptors from a thesaurus of preferred terms based on the analysis of words and phrases appearing in the title and/or text of a work. Each suggestion is evaluated by a human indexer and either accepted or rejected. The indexer is also free to select additional authorized terms for indexing. Compare with automatic indexing.
A scholarly periodical devoted to publishing short articles containing interim reports of research results, usually in a specific academic field, including negative and inconclusive results likely to be of interest to other researchers (example: the weekly Applied Physics Letters). Speedy review and publication processes are essential for this type of journal.
The principle that the frequency of the rth most common word or phrase in a relatively lengthy text (or in any natural language) is approximately 1/r, with r equal to its statistical rank in frequency. This means that the 10th most frequent word will be used about twice as often as the 20th most frequent word, and ten times more often than the 100th most frequent word. Another way of stating Zipf's Law is that the frequency (P) of the rth most common word or phrase is Pr = 1/r a, with a close to 1 and for r up to about 1000 (the phenomenon breaks down for less commonly used words). Based on the observations of Harvard linguist George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950), the relationship can also be stated in the equation r x f = k, where r is the rank of the word, f is its frequency, and k is a constant. Illustrating his point with an analysis of the text of James Joyce's Ulysses, Zipf found that the 10th most frequent word was used 2,653 times, the 100th most common word was used 265 times, and so on, yielding a constant of approximately 26,500. Although Zipf's Law is not a statistically accurate predictor, indexers find it helpful.
Systematic study and investigation of some aspect of library and information science in which conclusions are based on the statistical analysis of data collected in accordance with a pre-established research design and methodology. Results are usually published in a professional LIS journal or presented at a library conference and subsequently published in its proceedings. Library research helps expand the theoretical base of library and information science and also provides data necessary for effective administrative decision-making and problem solving. Research on libraries and librarianship published in the previous year is reported in an essay in Library and Book Trade Almanac.
A prepublication cataloging program in which participating publishers complete a standardized data sheet and submit it with the front matter or entire text of a new book (usually still in galleys) to the Library of Congress for use in assigning an LCCN and preparing a bibliographic record, which is sent back to the publisher within 10 days to be printed on the verso of the title page. The Library of Congress distributes CIP records to large libraries, bibliographic utilities, and book vendors on a weekly basis to facilitate book processing. If incomplete, the initial record may be amended by the Library of Congress after the U.S. Copyright Office receives the deposit copy of the published work. The CIP Program began at the Library of Congress in 1971 and is used throughout the world. Click here to see an example of CIP in the book, and here to connect to the CIP homepage. British spelling is cataloguing-in-publication.
The body of published information pertaining to libraries, library and information science, and librarianship,including books, journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, guidelines and standards, etc. The literature of the profession is indexed in Library Literature & Information Science (LLIS), published by H.W. Wilson, and in Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). New publications are reviewed in the "Professional Media" section of Library Journal. Library and Book Trade Almanac includes a selective bibliography ("The Librarian's Bookshelf") of professional literature published in the last three years, arranged by specialization, with a list of library periodicals at the end.
A thirteen-digit barcode standard, similar to the Universal Product Code (UPC) system developed in the United States since 1976. EAN stands for European Article Number, renamed International Article Number without changing the abbreviation. EAN-13 is used worldwide to identify products sold retail. For books and some media items, the EAN-13 barcode is the same as the original ten-digit International Standard Book Number (ISBN) plus the three-digit prefix 978-. In publishing, the recommended location for printing the EAN-13 barcode is in the lower right-hand corner of the back cover.
Information content made freely and universally available via the Internet in easy to read format, usually because the publisher maintains online archives to which access is free or has deposited the information in a widely known open access repository. Open access is a new model of scholarly publishing developed to free researchers and libraries from the limitations imposed by excessive subscription price increases for peer-reviewed journals, particularly in the sciences and medicine. By breaking the monopoly of publishers over the distribution of scientific research, open access makes access to scientific information more equitable and has the added advantage of allowing the author to retain copyright.
Stop-motion film animation in which the subjects are modeled in a malleable substance, such as plasticine or silicone rubber, usually against a background which may also be deformable (see this example). For each frame, the position of at least one of the subjects is altered incrementally, creating the illusion of continuous movement when the footage is played back at the usual 24 frames per second. Clay animation is very labor-intensive because twelve changes are generally required for each second of film. Synonymous with claymation.
A three-part index in which works cited during a given year are listed alphabetically by name of author cited, followed by the names of the citing authors (sources) in a "Citation Index." Full bibliographic information for the citing author is given in a "Source Index." Also provided is a "Subject Index," usually listing articles by significant words in the title. Researchers can use this tool to trace interconnections among authors citing papers on the same topic and to determine the frequency with which a specific work is cited by others, an indication of its significance in the literature of the field.
Citation indexing originated in 1961 when Eugene Garfield, Columbia University graduate in chemistry and library science and founder of the fledgling Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), received an NIH grant to produce the experimental Genetics Citation Index, which evolved into the reference serial Science Citation Index. ISI subsequently published Social Sciences Citation Index beginning in 1972 and Arts & Humanities Citation Index from 1978.
An informal term for a work created from scratch in electronic form, for example, a hypermedia thesis or dissertation, or an electronic journal that has no print counterpart. Preservation dilemmas are posed by the rapid obsolescence of digital equipment and formats.
The process in which a new book, article, software program, etc., is submitted by the prospective publisher to experts in the field for critical evaluation prior to publication, a standard procedure in scholarly publishing. Under most conditions, the identity of the referees is kept confidential, but the identity of the author(s) is not. The existence and content of a manuscript under review is kept confidential within the offices of the publisher and by the referees, and all copies of the manuscript are returned to the publisher at the end of the process. In computer programming, source code may be certified by its owner or licenser as open source to encourage development through peer review. Synonymous with juried review. Also refers to a method of performance evaluation in which the quality of a worker's job performance is assessed by the employee's peers within the organization, usually as part of a formal review process resulting in a recommendation to management.
Network technology that breaks a message in digital format into tiny parcels of no more than 128 characters, each with the same destination address, then routes them separately as transmission circuits become available. When the packets reach their destination, they are checked to ensure that no data was lost in transmission, then reassembled in original sequence. Packet switching enables the transmission capability of a computer network to be used with maximum speed and efficiency, reducing costs and enhancing productivity. The Internet uses packet switching.
A "library without walls" in which the collections do not exist on paper, microform, or other tangible form at a physical location but are electronically accessible in digital format via computer networks. Such libraries exist only on a very limited scale, but in most traditional print-based libraries in the United States, catalogs and periodical indexes are available online, and some periodicals and reference works may be available in electronic full-text. Some libraries and library systems call themselves "virtual" because they offer online services.
The term digital library is more appropriate because virtual (borrowed from "virtual reality") suggests that the experience of using such a library is not the same as the "real" thing when in fact the experience of reading or viewing a document on a computer screen may be qualitatively different from reading the same publication in print, but the information content is the same regardless of format.
Information science is a field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. Practitioners within and outside the field study application and usage of knowledge in organizations along with the interaction between people, organizations, and any existing information systems with the aim of creating, replacing, improving, or understanding information systems. Historically, information science is associated with computer science, library science, and telecommunications. However, information science also incorporates aspects of diverse fields such as archival science, cognitive science, commerce, law, museology, management, mathematics, philosophy, public policy, and social sciences.
Information science should not be confused with information theory. Information theory is the study of the types of communications we use, such as verbal, signal transmission, encoding, and others. Information science deals with all the processes and techniques pertaining to the information life cycle, including capture, generation, packaging, dissemination, transformation, refining, repackaging, usage, storage, communication, protection, presentation etc. in any possible manner.
Reference:
1. Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013). Handbook of Information Science. Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur.
2. Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23). Information Science: Its Past, Present and Future (PDF). doi:10.3390/info2030510.
3. "What is information theory? definition and meaning".Business Dictionary.com.
A type of URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that does not point directly to the location of an Internet resource, but rather to an intermediate resolution service (PURL server) that associates the stable PURL with the actual URL, and returns the URL to the client, which then processes the request in the usual manner. PURLs were developed through OCLC participation in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Uniform Resource Identifier working groups as an interim solution to the problem posed by URL changes (lack of persistence) in the MARC description of Internet resources. They are an intermediate step on the path to URNs (Universal Resource Names) in Internet information architecture.
In AACR2, a document or set of documents in any physical format (print or nonprint) that is given a single bibliographic description in cataloging, by virtue of having been published, issued, released, or otherwise treated as a single entity.
As defined in FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records), a single concrete exemplar of a manifestation of an expression of an intellectual or artistic work, in most cases a single physical object, such as a copy of an edition of a single-volume monograph. All the items constituting a manifestation normally contain the same intellectual/artistic content and are identical in physical form, but variations can occur subsequent to production, as in the case of a monograph rebound by a library. In some cases, an item consists of more than one physical object, for example, a video recording released on more than one cassette or a multivolume set of reference books.
Alpha-Numeric System for Classification of Recordings (ANSCR)
A scheme for classifying sound recordings of all types, based on a set of 23 major subject categories represented by letters of the Latin alphabet (example: M for popular music), with some categories subdivided and represented by double letters (MJ for jazz). To the alphabetic category is added a three- or four-letter code representing type of subarrangement (by title of work; name of composer, performer, or author; name of skill, language, or sound; etc.). The third part of the classification number is composed of the first letter of each of the first three keywords in the title of the work or album, or a number if the work is known by form and numbered. The fourth part is composed of a letter representing the name of an individual closely associated with the performance on the recording, followed by the last two digits of the commercial recording number:
ES
BEET
5
O 98
In the preceding example, ES indicates that the recorded work is orchestral and of symphonic form, BEET that it was composed by Ludwig Van Beethoven, 5 that it is his fifth symphony, and O 98 that the performance was conducted by Eugene Ormandy and that the last two digits of the Columbia record number are 98.
ANSCR is used mainly by libraries holding large numbers of sound recordings. Libraries with smaller collections generally use accession number or some other "home-grown" classification system to organize sound recordings. Pronounced "answer."
The bibliometric principle that the number of authors making n contributions to the scholarly literature of a given field is about C/na, with C (the number making a single contribution) a constant. In the article "The Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity" published in the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1926, mathematician and statistician Alfred James Lotka (1880-1949) observed that the exponent a is often close to 2. Rewriting the equation as a statistical distribution (1/na), he observed that when a is exactly 2 for a given literature, C = 0.61. Accurate when applied to large bodies of literature over a significant period of time, Lotka's empirical law of scientific productivity means that in a field in which a = 2, about 61% of all published authors make just one contribution, about 15 percent have two publications (1/2² x .61), about 7 percent make three contributions (1/3² x .61), and less than 1 percent produce ten or more publications (1/10² x .61).
A framework and format for communicating bibliographic information between applications over the Internet. The information provider assigns an OpenURL to an Internet resource, instead of a traditional URL. When the user clicks on a link to the resource, the OpenURL is sent to a context-sensitive link resolution system that resolves the OpenURL to an electronic copy of the resource appropriate for the user (and potentially to a set of services associated with the resource). The OpenURL shows promise of becoming an important tool in the interoperation of distributed digital library systems and has the potential to change the nature of linking on the Web.
The OpenURL was conceived at the University of Ghent by Herbert Van de Sompel and Patrick Hochstenbach, and by Oren Beit-Arie of the Ex Libris library automation company, who built a resolution system called SFX, now licensed to Ex Libris. SFX is being used by NISO to draft a U.S. national standard for OpenURL that will be compatible with other standards such as MARC 21, Dublin Core, Online Information Exchange (ONIX), and the Open Archives Initiative (OAI).
A reference work made freely and universally available via the Internet in easy to read format, as opposed to a work published in print or online by a for-profit publisher. A prime example is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), a project developed with grant funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), maintained collaboratively by philosophers with knowledge of Unix power-computing, Perl-CGI programming, HTML, and the Web.
A book designed to be consulted when authoritative information is needed, rather than read cover to cover. Reference books often consist of a series of signed or unsigned "entries" listed alphabetically under headwords or headings, or in some other arrangement (classified, numeric, etc.). The category includes almanacs, atlases, bibliographies, biographical sources, catalogs, concordances, dictionaries, directories, discographies and filmographies, encyclopedias, glossaries, handbooks, indexes, manuals, research guides, union lists, yearbooks, etc., whether published commercially or as government documents. Long reference works may be issued in multivolume sets, with any indexes in the last volume. Reference works that require continuous updating may be published serially, sometimes as loose-leaf services.
In libraries, reference books are shelved in a separate section called the reference stacks and are not allowed to circulate because they are needed to answer questions at the reference desk. Reference books are reviewed in American Reference Books Annual, CHOICE, Library Journal, the Reference Books Bulletin section of Booklist, Reference Services Review, and Reference and User Services Quarterly published by RUSA. Gale provides a searchable database of Reference Reviews.
A conventional word or phrase used in a work to refer the reader to another part of the text (see above or see below) or a similar word or phrase used in an index, catalog, or reference work to direct the user from one heading or entry to another (see or see also). Also refers to any Latin phrase used in footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies to refer the reader to works previously quoted or cited, for example, ibid. and op. cit. Sometimes used synonymously with citation.
Also refers to a letter written in support of a person's application for employment or housing, usually by someone familiar with the applicant's qualifications or reputation, or to a person who agrees to be contacted for such a recommendation, usually by telephone.
Revision of the call numbers assigned to selected items to make their relationship to other items in the collection more consistent, for example, to reflect the merger of two classes very similar in subject. Also refers to the conversion of a collection (or part of a collection) originally cataloged under one classification system to another, for example, from Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) to Library of Congress Classification (LCC), or vice versa.
Also refers to the removal of previously declassified government documents from public access. American Libraries reported in its March 2006 issue that U.S. Archivist Allen Weinstein called upon all intelligence and security agencies on March 2, 2006 to cease removing documents from the open shelves of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and to return as many records as possible which they pulled as part of a secret program in operation since 1999. His call for the moratorium was prompted by a letter from a group of historians who complained that the CIA, the Defense Department, and the Department of Justice had withdrawn approximately 9,500 documents from the Korean War and Cold War periods for purposes of reclassification.
Formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR), FRAD is an extension of the FRBR model for relating the bibliographic data contained in library authority records to the needs of library patrons and librarians who use the records. Developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), FRAD is designed to assist persons who work with library records in finding and identifying a specific entity or group of entities, contextualizing the entity, and justifying choice of access point. The FRAD Final Report was first published in print by K.G. Saur in 2009.
The fact that nitrate and acetate base films decay under normal environmental conditions has created a preservation imperative of a magnitude matched only by the use of acid paper in printing. Ideally, motion picture preservation involves the creation of surrogates for public use and one or more film masters that can be used to create new copies without subjecting the original source to further wear and tear. Masters are usually copied on film and access copies on videotape, DVD, or some other digital medium. If the original is in poor condition, restoration may be required. Whenever possible, preservationists use carefully documented measures that are reversible and do not damage the original. Because film preservation is an expensive, time-consuming process, cold and dry storage is often used to retard deterioration while copying is prioritized to be accomplished over an extended period. Click here to learn more about film preservation courtesy of the Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA). The National Film Preservation Foundation (NFPF) also provides online information, including the Film Preservation Guide. See also the Film Preservation Handbook provided by the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia.
A search tool designed to query multiple networked information resources via a single interface (example: Google Scholar). The metasearch engines developed in the second half of the 1990s were capable of searching only publicly accessible Web sites, but the 21st century has seen a new generation of federated search engines designed to search local and remote library catalogs, subscription databases, and digital repositories as well as Web sites, using standardized protocols, such as Z39.50. Some federated search systems provide deduping and rank results by relevance or allow sorting by other criteria. Limiting, advanced search modes, clustering, and RSS feeds or search alerts may also be available.
Documentary material in print and electronic formats, such as reports, preprints, internal documents (memoranda, newsletters, market surveys, etc.), theses and dissertations, conference proceedings, technical specifications and standards, trade literature, etc., not readily available through regular market channels because it was never commercially published/listed or was not widely distributed. Such works pose challenges to libraries in identification (indexing is often limited) and acquisition (availability may be uncertain). Absence of editorial control also raises questions of authenticity and reliability. Alternative methods of supply and bibliographic control have evolved in response to the need to preserve and provide access to such material. In the United States, the gray literature of science and technology is indexed in the NTIS database. Theses and dissertations are indexed and abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and are available in hard copy via Dissertation Express. Click here to learn more about finding gray literature, or see the article Gray Literature: Resources for Locating Unpublished Research by Brian S. Mathews in the March 2004 issue of C&RL News. Also spelled grey literature. Compare with ephemera and fugitive material.
Bipartisan legislation co-sponsored in the U.S. Senate in 2006 by John Cornyn (R-Texas) and Joseph Lieberman (D-Connecticut) requiring federal agencies that fund more than $100 million in annual external research to make electronic copies of peer-reviewed journal articles stemming from their nonclassified research publicly accessible over the Internet at no charge within six months of publication. According to C&RL News (June 2006), a coalition of library and public interest groups led by SPARC worked with the offices of Senators Cornyn and Lieberman on the development and introduction of the bill, which is supported by the Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) whose members include the Genetic Alliance, Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, the Christopher Reeve Foundation, and 67 other patient, academic, research, and publishing entities, including the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL).
Some publishers and vendors of electronic resources are willing to provide access to materials in digital format paid for by a library during a subscription even after the subscription has been canceled by the library. Archival access is secured by a clause in the licensing agreement that should be requested during contract negotiations. The basic Licensing Principles for electronic information resources established by IFLA in 2001 state that "a license should include provision for affordable, perpetual access to the licensed information by some appropriate and workable means."
Library shelving with extra-deep shelves, capable of storing books 3 to 4 rows deep, used only in closed access collections to save space. According to Ruth Fraley and Carol Lee Anderson in Library Space Planning(Neal-Schuman, 1990), a section of warehouse shelving 30 inches deep and 36 inches wide with 7 shelves can store up to 63 linear feet of materials 3 rows deep and 84 linear feet 4 rows deep, compared with 42 linear feet for a double-faced section of standard library shelving, with the space gain outweighing additional floor space required. They note that although warehouse shelving is less attractive and not as flexible as standard shelving, it is the most efficient means of storing manuscripts.
The title of a book as printed, in full or in brief, on the recto of a leaf preceding the title page, usually in a smaller size of the font in which the title proper is printed on the title page (click here to see an example, courtesy of the Glasgow University Library). In books published in series, the series title page often appears on the verso of the leaf bearing the half title.
The use of half titles dates from the 17th century and may have evolved from the practice of including a blank leaf to protect the title page from wear. In modern printing, the half title helps the printer identify the work to which the first sheet belongs. In some editions, the half title also appears on the recto of a leaf separating the front matter from the first page of the text. Also spelled half-title. Synonymous with bastard title and fly-title.
An acronym for Keyword and Context (also known as Keyword alongside Context), an algorithmically generated index in which keywords from the title (and sometimes the text) of a document are printed as headings along the left-hand margin of the page, with the portion of the title or text following each keyword indented under the heading, followed by the portion of the title or text preceding the word. Unlike KWOC indexing, this method preserves multiword terms and phrases in the alphanumeric sequence of headings. Compare with KWIC.
Example:
academic
support systems for distance learning. Libraries and
distance
learning. Libraries and academic support systems for
learning
Libraries and academic support systems for distance
libraries
and academic support systems for distance learning
A document or form sent to a purchaser by a vendor indicating the order number, description, quantity, price, terms of sale, method of delivery, cost of shipping, and total amount owed for items shipped and/or services rendered. Most libraries require an itemized invoice before payment can be authorized. Compare with purchase order. See also: annual invoice and supplemental invoice.
Symbols and abbreviations commonly used on publisher's invoices:
BO - back order
C or OC - order canceled
CWO - cash required with order
EX - see explanation or full exchange on returns
NEP or NE - new edition pending
NOP - not our publication
NR - nonreturnable (no returns allowed)
NYP - not yet published
OP - out of print
OPP - out of print at present
OPS - out of print, searching
OS - out of stock
OSC - out of stock, canceled
OSI - out of stock indefinitely
TOP - temporarily out of print
TOS - temporarily out of stock
W - will advise shortly
XR - nonreturnable
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of
research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this
object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research
studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).
A cumulative list of periodical articles in which the citations are entered by subject (or in classified arrangement) and sometimes under the author's last name, separately or in a single alphabetic sequence. Periodical indexes may be general (example: Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature), devoted to a specific academic discipline (Education Index) or group of disciplines (Humanities Index), or limited to a particular type of publication (Alternative Press Index). In libraries, periodical indexes are available in print and as bibliographic databases, online or on CD-ROM. Compare with abstracting service.
Classification is done for the sake of convenience. Various permutations and combinations are possible. Some categories may overlap. Main point is good/concrete evidence which is clean. It is better to focus on quantitative research.
On the basic of General
1) Basic- Why and how of a phenomena. We see the fundamental research questions or just the mechanism. Novelty is top most. E.g. what happens with right nostril breathing?
2) Applied- Here we see if we can use basic research for the societal good. E.g. Right nostril breathing for weight loss.
On the basic of Technique
1) Experimental- Chose sample, collect data and analysis. Here we experiment and prove with evidence.
2) Theoretical- Conceptual theory framework.
On the Basic of Methodology
1) Qualitative- Experience and non-numerical
2) Quantitative- Numerical involving statistical analysis
3) Mixed- Mixture of both qualitative and quantitative
A legal document issued by the U.S. government, or the government of another country, in response to a formal application process in which the inventor or originator of a new product or process is granted the exclusive right to manufacture, use, and sell it for a designated period of time. The document is assigned a patent number by the patent office for future reference. An x-patent is a patent issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from July 1790 (when the first U.S. patent was issued) to July 1836. Destroyed by a fire in December 1836 while in temporary storage, the collection of over 9,900 early patents has been reconstructed from inventors' copies. Most large engineering libraries provide patent search databases and services. Click here to learn more about how patents work and here to learn more about U.S. patent law (Legal Information Institute, Cornell University), or try the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office site. The Canadian government provides the Canadian Patents Database. Compare with trademark. See also: patent and trademark resource center and patent drawing.
An attempt by the FBI to recruit librarians in the United States as "cold warriors" during the 1970s and 1980s by suggesting that they restrict public access to unclassified scientific research, particularly information available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Librarians were asked to report on individuals requesting certain categories of scientific information, especially foreign nationals from countries in the Soviet Union. The FBI had the support of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) in this effort, which undermined the confidentiality of library lending records and open access to library resources.
In Free Expression and Censorship in America: An Encyclopedia (Greenwood, 1997), Herbert Foerstel writes that the FBI conducted a 16-month investigation of librarians who openly opposed the Library Awareness Program, even accusing them of being dupes of the Soviet Union. The program was also opposed by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), and other organizations. In response to public indignation, many state legislatures passed statutes making it illegal for any librarian to reveal library records or patron requests without a court order. For more information, see Surveillance in the Stacks: The FBI's Library Awareness Program by Herbert Foerstel (Greenwood Press, 1991).
The design and implementation of ever more sophisticated computer systems to accomplish tasks originally done by hand in libraries. Beginning in the 1960s with the development of the machine-readable catalog record (MARC), the process of automation has expanded to include the core functions of acquisitions, cataloging and authority control, serials control, circulation and inventory, and interlibrary loan and document delivery. The library automation field is currently dominated by a handful of systems vendors (Auto-Graphics, EOS International, Ex Libris, Follett, Innovative Interfaces, Polaris Library Systems, SirsiDynix, TLC, and VTLS).
Recent trends in library automation include the growing importance of "add-ons" mostly related to the delivery of digital content (link resolvers, portal and metasearch interfaces, and e-resource management modules often provided by third-party vendors), better integration with the Web environment (rewriting fat PC clients as browser applications, using XML and style sheets for display, and developing XML import and export capabilities) and for academic libraries, closer integration of library systems with learning management systems.
TA division of the American Library Association (ALA) since in 1966, LITA has a membership of librarians and other information professionals concerned with all aspects of the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information in electronic formats, including digital libraries, metadata, authorization and authentication, electronic journals and electronic publishing, telecommunications, networks, computer security and intellectual property rights, technical standards, online catalogs and bibliographic databases, optical information systems, desktop applications, software engineering, etc. LITA publishes the quarterly journal Information Technology and Libraries (ITAL) and the LITA Newsletter.
The section of the Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASCLA) within the American Library Association (ALA) whose members are committed to improving the quality of library service for people with special needs, including users who (1) are elderly; (2) have vision, hearing, mobility, or developmental impairments; and/or (3) are in correctional institutions, health care facilities, and other types of institutions. LSSPS is also committed to improving library service for families and professionals working with people who have special needs.
The Encyclopcedia Britannica it was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three volumes. 15th edition contained 32 valumes 1985 to 2010. Micro- and Macropcedia, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The two-volume index of 1995 has 2350 pages. There is also the Propcedia with topical organization of the contents. And there are some versions for children. After 244 Years, Encyclopcedia Britannica Stops the Presses". New York Times.Retrieved 13 March 2012.
PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S. Navy's Polaris project is management tool using statistical techniques for System Analysis. Planning, Scheduling and Controlling are the different phase of PERT Study. PEART approach is a device developed to better utilize of time in a series of activities
PRECIS was developed by Derek Austin for use in the BNB published weekly, PRECIS adopted 2 line entry format for all Entries. In PRECIS Main line operators, interposed operators and differencing cooperators are the role operators. In 1967 come into being. Shunting method in index is used in PRECIS
Tagging in web 2.0 application is called Syndication /Directory. Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information. Major features of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, user created web sites, self-publishing platforms, tagging, and social Book marking.
Six sigma is a business management strategy developed by MOTOROLA company inUSA in 1981. It seeks to improve the quality of process output by identifying and Removing the cause of defect and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business process. It uses a set of quality management methods including statistical method and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization.
Application in libraries:
Developing specialized pool of library professionals
Developing quality services
Judicious budget allocation
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a conceptual entity relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user's perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 or International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). Four entity of FRBR model are Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item. The FRBR Final Report was first published in print in 1998 by K.G. Saur as volume 19 of UBCIM publications
ISBN (International Standard Book Number) changed from 10 digits to 13 from January 2007 ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) first launched in 1969. In 2011 the ISBN allocation office in India shifted from Kolkatta to Delhi ISBN 978 3 digit belong to country represent of INDIAN Publication ISBN contains 13 digit number 5 parts First component of an ISBN number Group Identification, second Publisher, 3rd Title Identifier, 4th Check Digit, EAN (European Article Number) is similar to a UPC Number
Luther Gulick, an American has described the functions of an executive in terms of anacronym POSDCORB, representing Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting. It related to Library Administration.
Samuel Rothstein expanded Wyer's theory in 1960 by characterizing reference service as "minimum,' 'middling ' and 'maximum
User education may be provided in four interrelated areas which are User's awareness, user studies, library orientation, bibliographic instruction
Computer memory is measured in
Bytes,
Kilobytes,
Megabytes.
Gigabytes,
Terabytes
The term "Truncation" and Boolean operators are is used in Search Formulation and Online information Retrieval the logical operator "'ND" , "OR", "NOT", were devised by George Boole
There are many Content Management software (CMS) freely available-
PLONE,
joomla ,
jumbo.
Open cms,
Fedora,
Drupal,
Open source cms,
alfresco,
Dspace,
Open CMS,
Kumera,
Microsoft Office 365,
Microsoft Live
MEDLINE a public domain database, It's contains journal citations and abstracts for Biomedical literature from around the world. (Pubmed.com) free access, published by NLM
National Library of Medicine US.
Information Requirements of the Social Science (IN FROSS) is an important study frequently quoted in Experimental Research
Web 3.0 its most important features are the Semantic Web and personalization. Focusing on the computer elements, Conrad Wolfram has argued that Web 3.0 is where "the computer is
Generating new information", rather than humans.
FID (International Federation for Information and Documentation) it was established in 1895 by (Paul Otlet and Henry Ia Fontain with the aim of compiling universal bibliography of Literature. Development of UBC the name FID adopted in the year 1933 located Hague.
The National Knowledge Resource Consortium (NKRC), established in year 2009, is a network of libraries and information centres of 39 CSIR and 24 DST institutes. NKRC's origin goes back to the year 2001, when the CSIR set up the Electronic Journals Consortium to provide access to 1200 odd journals of Elsevier Science to all its users. Developed by NISCAIR, New delhi. Access of Science Direct (Eiseiver Subject collections wise) has been activated for all member institutions from 1st January, 2012.
e-Granthalaya is a library automation software from National Informatics Centre, Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
Evergreen: Evergreen is an open source library management software, freely licensed under the GNU GPL. It was first launched in September, 2006 in Georgia's PINES consortium.
FireFly is a Complete Public Library system. It is being written in Python, Peri, with all data being stored in XML. The driving force behind this project is to give public libraries a Free-Software set to run and maintain library systems.
Koha is the world's first open-source Integrated Library System (ILS) and it is distributed free of cost (open source, and so no license fee, ever). It was initially developed in New Zealand by Katipo Communications Ltd and first deployed in January of 2000 for Horowhenua Library Trust.
Library Information and Management System (LIMS): LIMS is a unique library system, designed, developed, implemented and fully tested by library professionals. It is distributed free of cost to the libraries.
It is a web based library software product from Libsys Ltd.
NewGenlib is an integrated library management system developed by Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise is provided by Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management in Hyderabad , India. On 9th January 2008, NewGenlib was declared as Open Source Software under GNU GPL License by Verus Solutions.
The NISSAT sponsored a project to DES I DOC for developing programmes on UNESCO's CDS/ISIS for enabling a library to do acquisition , circulation , etc. DESIDOC has successfully modified the programmes and a new package based on CDS/ISIS was released in 1992 by the name of SANJAY. Released in 1995
Software for University Libraries (SOUL) is the state-of-the-art library automation software designed and developed by the INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad
WEBLIS is a free-of-charge Web based Library Integrated System based on CDS/ISIS. The system has been developed by the Institute for Computer and Information Engineering (ICIE), Poland.
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