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A perceptual study of Open access (OA)
©Asheesh Kamal
Creator and Author
LIS Cafe (Library & Information Science and Computer Applications For Educated youths)
Kamal, Asheesh (2019). A perceptual study of A perceptual study of Open access (OA), Published on LIS Cafe website.
In this paper you’ll learn about :
*What are the origins of open access? *What is Open Access? *Definition of  Open access  *Routes to open access *Types of open access *OA classified based on the rights of authors *Who benefits from open access? *Types of Open Access Publications *Open Access Resources –        Directories        Open Access Journals in Library & Information Science *Open Access publishers
Introduction
Open access (OA) refers to research outputs which are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers, and possibly with the addition of a Creative Commons license to promote reuse. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, and monographs.
Academic articles (as historically seen in paper-based academic journals) have been the main focus of the movement. Conventional (non-open access) journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges. Open access research is advanced by a range of distribution mechanisms and business models. These include:
v  Self-archiving – green: After peer review by a journal, the author posts the same content the journal will be publishing to a web site controlled by the author, the research institution that funded or hosted the work, or which has been set up as a central open access repository.
v  Open access journal: The publisher of the journal makes all articles and related content available for free on the journal's web site.
o   Open access journal funded by article processing charges paid by authors or research sponsor – gold
o   Open access journal funded by an academic institution, learned society or a government information center (no publication fees are paid by authors) – platinum, diamond, or gold
o   Delayed open-access journals – provide open access after an embargo period, typically 6–12 months or longer
v  Hybrid open access journals at least partially funded by subscriptions, and only provide open access for those individual articles for which the authors (or research sponsor) pay a publication fee
What are the origins of open access?
The formal beginnings of the open access movement are several declarations issued in the early 2000s: the Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003), and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003).
What is Open Access?
According to Springer  Publication “At it’s most fundamental Open Access is when publications are freely available online to all at no cost and with limited restrictions with regards reuse. The unrestricted distribution of research is especially important for authors (as their work gets seen by more people), readers (as they can access and build on the most recent work in the field) and funders (as the work they fund has broader impact by being able to reach a wider audience)”.
According to UNESCO “By 'open access' to the literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself."
Open access (OA) means free access to information and unrestricted use of electronic resources for   everyone. Any kind of digital content can be OA, from texts and data to software, audio, video, and multi-media. While most of these are related to text only, a growing number are integrating text with images, data, and executable code. OA can also apply to non-scholarly content, like music, movies, and novels.
A publication is considered in Open access if:
its content is universally and freely accessible, at no cost to the reader, via the Internet or otherwise;
the author or copyright owner irrevocably grants to all users, for an unlimited period, the right to use, copy, or distribute the article, on condition that proper attribution is given;
it is deposited, immediately, in full and in a suitable electronic form, in at least one widely and internationally recognized open access repository committed to open access.
Routes to open access:-
There are two routes to open access-
·         Gold open access - Gold OA makes the final version of an article freely and permanently accessible for everyone, immediately after publication. Copyright for the article is retained by the authors and most of the permission barriers are removed. Gold OA articles can be published either in fully OA journals (where all the content is published OA) or hybrid journals (a subscription-based journal that offers an OA option which authors can chose if they wish). An overview of fully OA journals can be found in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).
·         Green open access - Green OA, also referred to as self-archiving, is the practice of placing a   version of an author’s manuscript into a repository, making it freely accessible for everyone. The version that can be deposited into a repository is dependent on the funder or publisher. Unlike Gold OA the copyright for these articles usually sits with the publisher of, or the society affiliated with, the title and there are restrictions as to how the work can be reused. There are individual self-archiving policies by journal or publisher that determine the terms and conditions e.g. which article version may be used and when the article can be made openly accessible in the repository (also called an embargo period). A list of publishers’ self-archiving policies can be found on the SHERPA/RoMEO database.
Types of open access:
There are many types of open access, perhaps because it is such a young movement that it's still developing standards. That said, there are three basic types:
Green OA – making a version of the manuscript freely available in a repository.
Gold OA – making the final version of manuscript freely available immediately upon publication by the publisher.
Hybrid – a type of journal in which certain articles are made open access for typically a significantly higher price (relative to full OA journals), while others remain toll access. some times called Paid Open Access, refers to subscription journals with open access to individual articles usually when a fee is paid to the publisher or journal by the author, the author's organization, or the research funder
Though green open access generally refers to the post-print of an article, there are three basic version types that can be self archived in repositories:
Pre-print – a manuscript draft that has not yet been subject to formal peer review, distributed to receive early feedback on research from peers.
Post-print – a manuscript draft after it has been peer reviewed.
Version of Record (VOR) (or Publisher’s Version )– the final version of a manuscript, after peer review and processing by a publishers.
SHERPA/RoMEO classifies publishers into colors for easy identification:
Ø  Green - refers to publishers whose policies allow archiving of pre-print and post-print or publisher's version/PDF
Ø  Blue - refers to publishers whose policies allow archiving of post-print or publisher's version/PDF
Ø  Yellow - refers to publishers whose policies allow archiving of pre-print
Ø  White - refers to publishers whose policies do not formally support archiving any version
Open Access content can also be classified based on the rights of authors:
Color Code	Features
Gold	Gives access to its research articles right after submission
Green	Permits authors to archive post-prints
Pale Green	Allows authors to archive preprints
Gray	None of the above
The above classification was defined by Peter Suber. The gold/green classification is almost universally recognized, though there are other, slightly different versions of the color code.
Who benefits from open access?
Scholars, students, and the general public benefit from open access. It can help save a language or index North American archaeological data. If you are interested in dinosaurs, open access provides you with information about the most newly-discovered dinosaur species. Open access means that professors and students can access a larger body of research without having to wait for (possibly lengthy) inter-library loan requests. And open access is not just beneficial to academia. If your local elected officials have access to studies about how things worked or did not work in another city, they can make more informed policy decisions. If your healthcare provider can freely read the latest medical research, they can provide you with more up-to-date medical advice and treatments. Really, everyone benefits from open access policies.
Types of Open Access Publications
The term Open Access encompasses a variety of research contributions intended for dissemination to the research community. These can be broadly classified into two types:
(1) Open Access journals
(2) Open Access repositories or archives
Open Access Resources -
Directories
DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals
Search for a journal or a journal article. Contains free, full text, quality controlled scientific and scholarly journals, covering all subjects and many languages.
OpenDOAR
A searchable Directory of Open Access Repositories worldwide. Find a repository on your subject or in your area.
ROAR - Registry of Open Access Repositories
Has some overlap with OpenDOAR, but another place to find open access repositories.
Open Access Theses and Dissertations
OATD aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 800 colleges, universities, and research institutions. OATD currently indexes over 1.6 million theses and dissertations.
Repository 66
A graphical representation of repositories world wide.
Open Access Journals in Library and Information Science
1. Action for Libraries
2. African Journal of Information and Communication Technology
3. Anales de Documentacion
4. ARL Synergy News
5. Asian Journal of Information Management
6. Australian Academic & Research Libraries
7. Australian Library Journal
8. Ariadne
9. Arquivistica.net
10. BID: Textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentaci
11. Bilgi D�nyasi
12. Biomedical Digital Libraries
13. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
14. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
15. Chinese Librarianship
16. Chinese Librarianship: an International Electronic Journal
17. Circulation Control
18. Circulation Journal
19. Circulation Management
20. Code4Lib Journal
21. Communications in Information Literacy
22. Coordinates : Online Journal of the Map and Geography Round Table
of the American Library Association. Series A
23. Coordinates : Online Journal of the Map and Geography Round Table
of the American Library Association. Series B
24. Cybermetrics: international journal of scientometrics, informetrics,
and bibliometrics
25. D-Lib Magazine
26. Data Science Journal
27. DigiCULT
28. Digital Web Magazine
29. Electronic British Library journal
30. Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship
31. Electronic Journal of Health Informatics
32. Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation
33. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries
34. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management
35. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice
36. First Monday
37. Florida Libraries
38. GMS Medizin-Bibliothek-Information
39. High Energy Physics Libraries Webzine
40. Hipertext.net
41. Human IT: tidskrift for studier av IT ur ett humanvetenskapligt perspektiv
42. IFLA Journal
43. Information Bulletin for Librarians
44. Information for Social Change
45. Information Research: an international electronic journal
46. Information Technology and Disabilities
47. Information Today
48. Information Today & Tomorrow
49. Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline
50. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management
51. Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects
52. International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control
53. International Journal of Digital Curation
54. International Journal of Doctoral Studies
55. International Journal of Special Libraries
56. International Review of Information Ethics
57. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship
58. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
59. Journal of Digital Information
60. Journal of Electronic Publishing
61. Journal of eLiteracy
62. Journal of Information Literacy
63. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations
64. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice
65. Journal of Medical Internet Research
66. Journal of the Medical Library Association
67. Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries
68. KMWorld Magazine
69. Library & Information Research : Research into Practice for
Information & Library Services
70. Library Journal
71. Library of Congress Information Bulletin
72. Library Philosophy and Practice
73. Library Student Journal
74. LIBREAS - Library Ideas
75. Libres: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal
76. Medizin-Bibliothek-Information
77. Nebraska Library Association quarterly
78. North Carolina Libraries
79. Partnership : the Canadian Journal of Library and Information
Practice and Research
80. Progressive Librarian
81. Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciencia da Informacao
82. Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly
83. School Library Media Research
84. SIMILE
85. Svensk Biblioteksforskning
86. Technology Electronic Reviews, TER
87. Virginia Libraries
88. Webology
Some of Open Access publishers
AIP Publishing		AOSIS OpenJournals, division of AOSIS (Pty) Ltd BioOne / Elementa
American Physical Society		Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals
BioMed Central Ltd		Cogitatio
BMJ Group		ecancermedicalscience
BRILL		EDP Sciences
Cambridge University Press		F1000Research
Co-Action Publishing		Hipatia Press
Copernicus Publications		JMIR Publications Inc. (formerly JMIR –
CSIC Press		Journal of Medical Internet Research)
eLife		Karger Publishers
Frontiers		Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information / PsychOpen
Hindawi Publishing Corporation		Libertas Academica
IOP Publishing Ltd		Living Reviews
MDPI AG		Open Book Publishers
Nature Publishing Group / Palgrave Macmillan		PAGEPRESS Publications
Oxford University Press		PeerJ
ProQuest		Pensoft Publishers Ltd.
Public Library of Science		Portland Press Limited
SAGE Publications		Social Sciences Directory
Springer Science+Business Media		The Royal Society
Taylor & Francis		Ubiquity Press Ltd.
The Company of Biologists		University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
Wiley		University of Adelaide Press
		Utrecht University Library (Igitur)
		Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Press “Technika”
		(source: http://oaspa.org/)
Reference:
1.     Suber, Peter. "Open Access Overview". Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
2.    Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Hélène (2013). "Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations". ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies. 6 (2(12)): 65–86. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.
3.    Schwartz, Meredith (2012). "Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live". Library Journal. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013.
4.    Suber 2012, pp. 138–140
5.    Machovec, George (2013). "An Interview with Jeffrey Beall on Open Access Publishing". The Charleston Advisor. 15: 50. doi:10.5260/chara.15.1.50.
6.    Öchsner, A. (2013). "Publishing Companies, Publishing Fees, and Open Access Journals". Introduction to Scientific Publishing. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. pp. 23–29. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38646-6_4. ISBN 978-3-642-38645-9.
7.     Fuchs, Christian; Sandoval, Marisol (2013). "The diamond model of open access publishing: Why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious". TripleC. 13 (2): 428–443.
8.    Gajović, S (31 August 2017). "Diamond Open Access in the quest for interdisciplinarity and excellence". Croatian Medical Journal. 58(4): 261–262. PMC 5577648. PMID 28857518.
9.    Harris, Siân (August 2012). "Moving towards an open access future: the role of academic libraries" (PDF). Sage Publications. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
10.   ISIB retrieved from http://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/FreeJournals-LibraryScience.htm
11.  UNESCO retrieved from  https://en.unesco.org/open-access/what-open-access
12.  https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-access
13.  http://oaspa.org/

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